Importance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews

Importance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on a topic and allows an author to define where their work fits into a larger context. An effective literature review details important research trends and also examines strengths and weaknesses of both specific studies and larger research contexts. Identifying any gaps in understanding or knowledge of a topic is important to establishing the significance of a current or future research endeavor. Steps for Creating a Literature Review Creating a literature review is not always direct process, as you may need to continually modify your project to focus on certain details. You may find yourself repeatedly coming back to and adjusting your literature review to reflect changes in either the size of your project, the breadth of your research topic, or other aspects. Generally, literature reviews involve the following steps: preparing for the type of review desired, reading existing research, analyzing research and trends, writing the review, and revising the final literature review.Show MoreRelatedSample Research Paper1642 Words   |  7 Pagessection should explain why the research is being conducted. It should establish the importance of the problem addressed by the research and explain why the research is needed. For example, it might establish the seriousness of juvenile antisocial behavior nationally and describe the gaps that exist in the knowledge about this behavior. It might also explain why the specific kno wledge gap chosen is of particular importance. Objectives. This section should describe what the investigator hopes to accomplishRead MoreThe Use of Sources to Justfy a Studys Research Problem Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesto justify the importance of a research problem in a statement of the problem section of a study? In your discussion, give at least two examples of research you have recently read. An author can approach research using different research problems. Practical research problems stem from issues or concerns found in schools or educational settings. Conversely, research based research problems are based on a need to extend the research into other areas, conflicting evidence in literature, and a need forRead MoreAnalysis of Atwater and Waldman ´s Leadership, Feedback, and the Open Communication Gap837 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is an important attribute in individuals such as managers, academic experts, and researchers. The topic of leadership continues to gain popularity and importance in almost all sectors. The way leaders in managerial positions communicate determines their effectiveness and success in achieving high levels of performance and success in their organizations. There are numerous books that provide an insight into effective leadership and communication. One of such books is by Atwater and WaldmanRead MoreMexico Border Essay1661 Words   |   7 Pagesthan their northern and southern residing counterparts. Access to health care is a great health determiner for the many foreign-born residents living in the United States, especially for undocumented immigrants2. The topic to be addressed in this review will include current health issues and accessibility of care for the people living along the US – Mexico border. This study will include infectious diseases, substance abuse as well as issues facing women and children. The combination of many socialRead MoreComparision Matrix1517 Words   |  7 Pageslearning how to effectively manage your time and understanding the importance of empirical research. â€Å"Learning to strategically read empirical studies can help doctoral learners manage time more effectively (GCU Lecture 2, 2012 p. 1). In this paper, one will find a complete comparison of three articles that will review the different forms of research questions posed for the studies, sample populations used, the l imitations, literature review, study conclusions, and recommendations for further researchRead MoreThe Anatomy Of Corporate Fraud Essay845 Words   |  4 Pageshowever, it is forgotten that Europe experienced a similar situation with Parmalat, Royal Ahold, and Vivendi Universal. Soltani (2014), discusses the importance of understanding the motivation and causes of financial corporate scandals. Soltani (2014) notes three research questions associated with this article: 1. â€Å"What are the common characteristics of the six American and European corporate scandals within the areas of ethical climate, tone at the top and executive leadership, bubble economy andRead MoreHealth Coverage Through The Private Market1008 Words   |  5 Pagestimes this practice begged the question of dubious sales tactics. The first thing to remember is how current policy in written and what reformers are demanding to change. That topic would require an additional literature review; however, when build ing compliance policies and training review current hot topics as to predict where reform is headed and to address promptly. A broad example of ethically based laws is presented in the compliance training for the Harris County Hospital District. (#9).Read MoreImportance Of Business Ethics On Previous And Current Literature Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of business ethics in previous and current literature Previous Methodologies used for Studying Business Ethics Majority of the literature reviewed relied heavily on questionnaires and surveys as the chosen methodology. According to Rowley (2014), questionnaires are the â€Å"most widely used means of collecting data† (p. 308). However, when designing a questionnaire or survey researchers should consider the type of questions being used, sensitivity of questions asked, content and lengthRead MoreTeamwork And The Workplace Increasing Job Satisfaction1609 Words   |  7 Pagestheir skill level is key. In the United States, organizations focus largely on individual goals rather than team efforts. However, organizations more and more will require the collaboration of people to be successful (Larson Lafasto) Certain characteristics make a team successful which are a clear goal, a results driven structure, competent team members, unified commitment, a collaborative climate, standards of excellence, and external support and recognition (Larson Lafasto, 1989). However, individualsRead MoreArab Authors Perspective On The Peer Review Quality767 Words   |  4 PagesArab authors’ perspective on the peer review quality: Emerald’s scholarly library information science journals as a case study â€Å"Peer review has been providing a valuable service to the scientific community since it was first employed in 1665 by the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and its value is very difficult to measure†. (British Ecological Society, 2013, p. 1). Introduction Scholarly communication, especially in the digital environment, has witnessed a significant

Energy Sustainability Nuclear Energy - 4062 Words

Energy sustainability Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is released through nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is when an atom splits and releases neutrons after absorbing a neutron. All nuclear power is generated from Uranium, which is a pure metal. Nuclear fission expained When atoms split, energy is released and then converted to a more easier form to use. Uranium-235, an isotope of Uranium (same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, meaning they have varying masses), is most commonly used in this proccess, because it requires less energy to split then other isotopes like Uranium-238. Basically, inside a nuclear reactor, free neutrons collide with the Uranium atoms. Uranium-235 is the minority as it only makes up 0.7% of†¦show more content†¦2. Water and Carbon dioxide is passed through to take away the heat. 3. The water is heated. 4. The heated water releases steam instead of boiling due to the pressurised water reactors. 5. The steam turns turbines. 6. The turbines turn the generators which produce electric power. (Please see to hydroelectric power on how the generators work. It s basically the smae concept, but powered by moving water instead of moving steam. Drawbacks of Nuclear energy - Uranium, the source of Nuclear power isn t renenwable - Radioactive waste, like the spent uranium rods take thousands of years to lose their radiation and decompose - The water used in cooling and producing steam usually comes from lakes and reservoirs which have marine life - If not handeled porperly, leaks can lead to devastating health effects like disfiguration, nausea, vomit, diarrhoea and fatigue Advantages of Nuclear energy - No greenhouse gas emissions - Cost effective - Not dependent on the weather Overall summary As Uranium isn t a renewable source of energy, it ll eventually run out. We can t prevent that, but we can still use it as it s the most environmentally safe option. All forms of alternative energy have their own drawbacks, and considering this source s drawback is it s finite supply, it s the least lacking source. At the very least, we should use it to it s utmost potential while in the stages of establishing other alternative energy stations and

Music in Different Cultures Essay Example For Students

Music in Different Cultures Essay Music and Contemporary U. S. Culture Popular Music in its Many Facets In its broadest sense, popular music is an umbrella term referring to a vast range of commercially mass-marketed musical genres contrasting with classical or art music and intended for mass consumption (e. G. , rock, rock and roll, hip-hop, grunge, heavy metal, rhythm and blues, punk, soul, techno, funk, rap, house). This wide- ranging term encompasses a plethora of musical styles involving various rhythms, vocal styles, instruments, and technologies. Characteristically, popular music is a lobar cultural phenomenon and an accessible form of commercial music aimed at a worldwide audience. Traditionally, British and American forms of popular music have tended to dominate the industry. Corresponding to social, economic, and technological change, popular music is intimately linked to the identity of musicians, performers, or artists, as well as audiences and fans. Popular music is ubiquitous; from shopping malls and advertising to gymnasiums/fitness classes and political campaigns, popular music is a common feature of peoples everyday lives and a significant aspect of consumer culture. For fans and enthusiasts, popular music can be a leisure-time pursuit occurring on evenings or weekends; alternatively, it can constitute a lifestyle, or way of life (e. G. , Deadheads?a group of fans of the American band Grateful Dead who saw the band at as many gigs and festivals as possible from the asses onward). For many people, the consumption of popular music is a significant means of identification, affiliation, and belonging. Different forms of popular music can create pleasure and excitement for some and moral panic and dread for others; it is a much debated and important realm of cultural life with significant implications for our understanding of consumer culture. Providing a concrete and tangible definition of what constitutes popular music has been the subject of much academic debate. As Richard Middleton contends, attempting to define popular music is riddled with complexities (1990, 3). Studies of popular By Josses commonly analyzed as a text, to sociological, which tends to focus on the social uses of popular music and the dynamic and interactive relationship between popular music, culture, and society. Popular music is commonly understood as being intrinsically linked to popular culture. Sociological studies of popular music audiences tend to use either questionnaire-based survey methods; ethnographic approaches, such as participant observation and in-depth interviewing; or a combination of the two. Through survey research, tastes in popular music are understood as being shaped by a persons gender, age, social class background, and race/ethnicity. To a certain extent, sociological approaches to studying popular music stem from cultural studies, an offshoot of sociology developed primarily in the asses at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CSS) in Birmingham, England, led by Richard Haggard and later Stuart Hall. A number of notable popular music theorists worked at the CSS, including Dick Hebrides, lain Chambers, Angela Microbes, and Paul Willis. A major focus of the CSS was the study of youth culture and subcultures analysis; subsequently, popular music was perceived as central to adolescent resistance, understood as key to the development of sociology of youth, and viewed as a crucial realm of youth consumption practices and identification. Thus, popular music research since the asses has tended to focus on teenagers and ropes of youths that coalesce around particular music styles. Few academic studies of popular music existed pre-1970, and the subject received relatively little scholarly attention during the asses and asses, with the exception of aforementioned theorists that worked at institutions such as the CSS and key theorists such as Lawrence Grosser in the United States and Simon Firth in the United Kingdom. Since the asses, there has been a proliferation of survey research, theoretical material, and ethnographic work concerned with the production and consumption of popular music and particularly its reception in society. Thomas Edison invented sound recording in 1877 in the United States; as a result, the era of recorded music began. The emergence of many popular music genres during the twentieth century can be linked to technological advancements of the same period. The rise of recorded music together with more stringent copyright protection laws facilitated the development of the music business in capitalist society and more specifically the centralization of the American music publishing business and songwriters in an area of New York known as Tin Pan Alley in the late-nineteenth century. The Tin Pan Alley RA initially specialized in ballads and novelty songs but later began to incorporate popular styles of the period, including ragtime, Jazz, and blues. Significant technological innovations such as the widespread use of radio, the increasing quality and affordability of the gramophone, the introduction of the microphone in the asses, and the inception of amplification and electric recording paved the way for new musical styles to emerge, such as rhythm and blues and rock and roll, leading to a surge in popularity of record buying, particularly in Britain and America but also on global scale. Theodore Adorn, a critical theorist and leading member of the Frankfurt school in Germany, coined the term culture industry in his critique of mass culture that made specific reference to popular music. The majority of Adorns account is based on his views of popular music produced in the Tin Pan Alley era and repetitive, and unequivocally contrasts with serious music: A clear Judgment concerning the relation of serious to popular music can be arrived at only by strict attention to the fundamental characteristic of popular music: standardization. Essay About Rap MusicFrom moods to rockers, punks to clubbers, the consumption of popular music is widespread and has become increasingly diverse as popular music genres have evolved. Sociological readings of popular music have tended to focus on the social uses of popular music, particularly in relation to the collective action of people forming music scenes and using music as a means of identification and expression of a sense of self. In the asses, subcultures theorists, such as Paul Willis, gave attention to popular music consumption as a signifier of a groups style, outlook, and focus. Willis advocated a structural homology evaluation concerned with how far, in their structure and content, particular items parallel and reflect the structure, style, typical concerns, attitudes and feelings of the social group (Willis 1978, 191). Thus, for Willis and other subcultures theorists, it was argued that a fit was evident between specific fashions and styles?in respect to popular music and clothing? and a groups identity and coloratura values and beliefs. A crucial concern for subcultures analysts was the issue of Juvenile deviance and resistance and the various ways British working- class youth cultures used music and associated fashion styles and cultural practices to express themselves (see Hall and Jefferson 1976). Hebrides seminal study of punk ultra in Britain focused primarily on these issues and exemplified the homology between the consumption of popular music and particular social groups. Popular boys of the asses and punks of the late asses were understood as representative of this view. The consumption of popular music was recognized as being symbolic of a persons social class background, gender, and race and ethnicity. It was viewed as a highly significant realm of culture, defining assemblages of individuals bound by their affiliation to a particular musical style and coupled with style, dress and appearance, recreational drug experiences, and cultural practices. Subcultures theory has incited numerous criticisms since its inception during the asses. Some of these include its focus on groups of young males and neglect of girls and their relationship with youth subcultures, its inherent rigidity and fixedness, and the apparent absorption of so-called underground subcultures into the mainstream. Sarah Thornton attempts to rework the term into her analysis of dance music cultures in Britain by using the phrase club cultures and discussing the significance of subcultures capital in the EDM world. In contrast to subcultures approaches, the use of the term scene featured in many popular music studies of the asses onward endeavoring to redefine popular music communities. Will Straw uses the term to describe that cultural space in which a range of musical practices coexist, interacting with each other within a variety of processes of differentiation, and according to widely varying trajectories of change and cross-fertilization (1991 , 373). A music scene is created as coalitions and alliances coalesce around musical styles, convey a sense of purpose, and form boundaries signifying who is in and out and therefore forming and maintaining social groups (373). The term scene denotes an increasing sense of fluidity in music cultures, and Andy Bennett provides an interpretation of urban dance music communities in Britain that takes into account the necessity for less rigid accounts of groups of popular music fans. Bennett coins the term neo-tribes to describe groups of young dance music fans. He suggests that the club setting can be viewed as one of the many forms of temporal engagement through which neo-tribal associations are formed because it provides a pace for expressions of togetherness based on articulations of fun, relaxation, and pleasure. Clubbing appears to be regarded less as a singularly definable activity and more as a series of fragmented, temporal experiences as clubbers move between different dance floors and engage with different crowds. References Researching popular music requires numerous theoretical and methodological approaches due to its fast-changing and progressive nature. The focus on youth cultures in studies of popular music is now being questioned as academics have begun to recognize the longevity of popular music genres and aging popular music an base. Similarly, concerns with popular music consumption as representative of cultural values and a form of political resistance have been challenged by research that concentrates on the significance of popular music in our everyday lives to influence moods and offer routine (e. G. , De Nora 2000). The rise of disc Jockey (DC) culture and subsequent blurring of the production and consumption of popular music in accordance with technological developments have led to an increase in studies of clubbers and EDM fans, which contest the privileging of rock music and vive gigs in traditional popular music research. Defining popular music is highly problematic, and there has been a blurring of popular forms of music and classical in groups such as the Three Tenors. Certainly, it is vital to note that what constitutes popular music is subjective and often culturally and historically dependent. Major contemporary concern within popular music research and the popular music industry is the impact of the Internet on producing and consuming popular music. On one hand, some perceive the Internet as a threat to the music business involving aromatic financial losses due to piracy and peer-to-peer file sharing.

Direct Hits by The Killers free essay sample

Bullseye! Throughout their career, The Killers have always hit the mark when it comes to innovative music. A glance at the name would suggest them to be a group that sputters out poorly tasted heavy metal or intense screamo rock, but that is certainly not the case. In truth, the Nevada-based band has been one of the leading indie bands in recent years and has been one of the few to actually crack mainstream radio. Single â€Å"Mr. Brightside,† for example, was voted one of the best songs of all time by NME magazine. But with the release of â€Å"Direct Hits,† it would appear that the end is near for the band. Overall, the album provides an excellent summary of the group’s career. Chronologically ordered, â€Å"Direct Hits† acts as a timeline. The transitions from album to album are evident, and the listener cannot help but notice that their earlier work clearly outshines the singles they have released most recently. We will write a custom essay sample on Direct Hits by The Killers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their early rise to success was especially impressive considering they developed long after the rise and fall of the 2001 rock revival and had to grow from out of its shadow. Hit singles â€Å"Somebody Told Me† and â€Å"Mr. Brightside† were more than enough to propel them to the high profile status they hold today. The Killers have not only leaned on the rich vocals of lead singer Brandon Flowers, but have looked to him as a source for inspiration as well. Flower’s fascination with electronic and ‘80s music has evolved into the band’s signature sound. Even in recent years, the influences are still present. â€Å"Runaways,† for example, has U2 written all over it. Lyrically, they are unconventional as they come. â€Å"Are we human or are we dancers?† from the song â€Å"Human† would make nearly all English teachers cringe, but somehow it has emerged as one of the the most memorable lyrics of all the last decade. To include such questionable lyrics is a risky gamble, but it is fresh, unique and acts as a pillar that shapes the identity of the band. Indie fans everywhere should be dissapointed if this album indeed marks the end of the great career of The Killers. They will certainly be missed.

How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay Question Sample

How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay Question SampleFor the most part, every writing student is expected to write a literary analysis essay on a given topic. In most cases, a passage from an important novel or play will provide the appropriate literary analysis for the assignment.In some cases, a literary analysis essay is given to the reading writer of the essay question sample. As a reader, you will have the opportunity to review and analyze the work for what makes it good or bad. This is often a particularly tricky portion of the essay writing experience for new writers, because writers may be more likely to give their own interpretations of the work, especially if the essay is for an upper level class.When writing a literary analysis essay on your assignment, you should first prepare a reading/review of the material you will be writing about. The question sample should help you choose a passage that provides the basic information for the essay you are about to write. If you are unfamiliar with the author's work, you may want to do some research in order to choose the passage.An important element of the essay will be the introduction. This section should introduce the reader to the reader as well as the issue being discussed. A writer should take the time to know the basic facts about the topic they are writing about. However, if you are not sure about something, you should write about it as best you can and include as much information as possible in your introduction.After the introduction, you should go into more detail about the reader in the essay. You should explain how the reader was introduced to the work and how you themselves would relate to the person. You should also discuss the qualities of the person and the reasons they became famous or important.Once you have gone into a little more detail about the reader, you should describe the object, action, or character that you are discussing with the best descriptive description. After you describe t he person in the most important way, you should then go into the reason for the subject's fame or importance. You should then talk about the effect the people who made the subject famous had on their followers.It is best to use strong descriptive descriptions in your literary analysis essay. These descriptions should help to distinguish your essay from other essays written by your classmates, but it is also important to not to give too much information about the subject, since you will have the opportunity to discuss the character later in the essay.Writing a literary analysis essay is not an easy task, but it can be done with some practice. You should know the basic elements of a literary analysis, but the essay should always reflect the essay question sample that you are provided, and you should be able to demonstrate how your writing reflects the critical reasoning you used in your essay.

Ethan Frome Hidden Meanings Essays - Ethan Frome,

Ethan Frome: Hidden Meanings Ethan Frome: Hidden meanings Ethan Frome is the story of a family caught in a deep-rooted domestic struggle. Ethan Frome is married to his first love Zeena, who becomes chronically ill over their long marriage. Due to his wifes condition, they took the services of Zeenas cousin, Mattie Silver. Mattie seems to be everything that Zeena is not, youthful, energetic, and healthy. Over time Ethan believes that he loves Mattie and wants to leave his wife for her. He struggles with his obligations toward Zeena and his growing love for Mattie. After Zeena discovers their feelings toward each other, she tries to send Mattie away. In an effort to stay together, Ethan and Mattie try to kill themselves by crashing into the elm that they talked about so many times. Instead, Mattie becomes severely injured and paralyzed. The woman that was everything that Zeena was not became the exactly the same as her. In Ethan Frome, the author communicates meanings in this story through various symbols. One of the most significant symbols used in this story is the very setting itself. A symbol is a person, object, or event that suggests more than its literal meaning. Symbols can be very useful in shedding light on a story, clarifying meaning that cant be expressed with words. It may be hard to notice symbols at first, but while reflecting on the story or reading it a second time, the symbol is like a key that fits perfectly into a lock. The reason that symbols work so well is that we can associate something with a particular object. For example, a red rose symbolizes love and passion, and if there were red roses in a story we may associate that part of the story with love. Although many symbols can have simple meanings, such as a red rose, many have more complex meanings and require a careful reading to figure out its meaning. The first symbol that I noticed in Ethan Frome is the setting. It plays an important role in this story. The author spends much of the first few chapters describing the scene in a New England town Starkfield. When I think of a town called Starkfield, a gloomy, barren place with nothing that can grow comes to mind. As the author continues to describe this town, it just reinforces what I had originally thought. In the beginning of the story, while describing why Ethan looked the way he did, Harmon said guess hes been in Starkfield too many winters. Most of the smart ones get away(Wharton 2). This does not give the impression that this is an enjoyable or a healthy place to live. The winters seem so ruthless in this story that the narrator describes them as this phase of crystal clearness followed by long stretches of sunless cold and he could understand why Starkfeild emerged from its six months siege like a starved garrison capitulating without quarter(Wharton 3). Starkfeild seems lik e a very oppressive place to live. It is understandable why the smart ones get away. Deeper into the story, as the narrator gets to know Ethan, we get a description of Ethans house, which is very symbolic of the story as well. The narrator describes the house as one of those lonely New England farm-houses that make the landscape lonelier(Wharton 7). The house had a stunted look to it due to the absence of the L, a typical feature on New England farmhouses, which is an attachment that connects the house to the woodshed and cow-barn (Wharton 8). The L is symbolic of heart of the house, the chief source of warmth and nourishment. The absence of this L suggests that the livelihood of this household is nonexistent. Ethans family doesnt have what many families have, warmth, love, and children. The Frome family lacks the same strength and connectedness that is conveyed by the absence of this L. When Zeena goes out of town for medical treatment, Ethan and Mattie are alone together in the house for the night. The author uses this scene to introduce two other symbols that have importance in the story. The first is the housecat, which is symbolic of Zeenas presence even while she

Postmortem of two projects and 100% literacy Essays

Postmortem of two projects and 100% literacy Essays Postmortem of two projects and 100% literacy Essay Postmortem of two projects and 100% literacy Essay Postmortem of two projects and 100% literacy Muffler Raman Manikin Recently two projects related to literacy has been died. These projects were considered as the key instruments to achieve hundred percent literate dreamy Bangladesh. Both the projects require a detailed analysis. Last year in the eve of the literacy day the website of Bureau of non-formal education (BEEN) displayed we are committed to ensure 100% literacy by 2014. This year the same website has displayed, this account has been suspended. How miserable condition of a website of digital government? I have no question about this, but my curiosity is if the website was active what would have been written there; I mean 100% of literacy within which year. There are some reasons behind this curiosity. Before telling that, lets see that the current status of the projects. Today is September 8, 2012 International Literacy Day. Just three years ago in 2009 The Bureau of non-formal education published a supplement in the daily newspapers on the occasion of literacy day, where it was written that the Bureau has proposed two projects to ensure 100% literacy within 2014. These two projects are only waiting for government approval. They are- Basic literacy and continuing education project-I and Basic Literacy and Continuing Education Project-2. They expected that by implementing these projects all illiterate of the country will be literate. We knew nothing details about these projects in one year. After Just one year, in the literacy day of 2010 a daily newspaper (Promote All) published a report on it. The heading of the report was Three thousand core project to eliminate illiteracy. It described details about these projects. The first project is for 1 districts; the expense is TX 2 thousand and 962 core and the other project is for another 3 Hillcrest districts; the expense is more than 50 core TX. It was told that the projects will begin in January 2011, and after three steps of work it will be completed in 2013. The reason behind it, the present government declared to eliminate illiteracy from the country within 2014 in their election manifesto. The project is the result of this declaration and for the same reason The Bureau of non-formal said to ensure 100% literacy within 2014. However, after this report in 2010 we thought that the rejects will be approved in the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (CANE) within December of the year and it will be implemented from January 2011. But that did not happen. We have been informed about the update from a report of The Daily Kamala published on February 8, 2013. The headline of the report was The programs of eliminating illiteracy under challenge. It said that the government did not approve these two projects because of funds. The Daily Kamala also published its follow up news Mega plan to achieve literacy was the title of the report on April 21, 2011. The report was as like as the report of The Daily Promote All of September 8, 2010. There were more details about the projects and it teachers. The report said that the projects will be launched in January 2012. It was seen again in the supplement of Bureau of non-formal education of Literacy Day in September that the projects will begin on January 2012 and will run until December 2013. It meaner after completing the projects in 2013 100% literacy will be ensured within 2014! It was something of hidden and unclear meaning. But the interesting matter is, after that we have passed the month of January 2012, also passed the judged in June but we did not know anything about these projects. Finally, this author himself has gone to the Bureau of non-formal education a week ago and was informed that the projects did not begin. Further details were published Just after few days on September 5, 2012 in a national daily. The report told that the projects have been waiting since last three years for approval of the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (CANE), but CANE did not approve it as it required a huge amount of money. At last the project implementation cost was reduced to 499 Rorer from 3 thousands core and it has been given a new proposal to approve. These projects did not get any speed for three years, now by reducing the cost, the authority is expecting to implement it very quickly. We do not know when the project will see the light, but to me most important question is- what will be the fate of 100% literacy? May be, our Minster has given its answer, on the occasion of todays literacy day, the state minister of primary and mass education (MEMO) said at a press conference in front of the Secretariat on September 6, 2012 that Though we cellared to eliminate illiteracy from our country within 2014, it is not possible. But we want to reach a track. However, the subject of ministers speech not possible is the two projects. He was compelled to say that the literacy rate is 59. 82% referring the data of the bureau of statistics. If we would see the implementation of the projects have been started, may be ministers voice would have been different, in that case he would have said with Firmness that we will succeed within 2014. It is a matter of wonder that the government did not approve these two important projects in three ears only for the amount of money. Although in every year they were promising that it will be started on the following year. And now by their laxity these projects had died. We do not know instead of three thousand core how the project of 499 core will be effective, or still we are in confusion whether this amount will be approved or not. Overall, it is clear that the government can do whatever but at least they do not understand the importance of literacy. They could not understand the significance of eliminating the curse of illiteracy from the country. We havent seen the implementation of the constitutional obligations or the commitment of the government to ensure education for all within 201 5 as of the Millennium Development goal. Only we see their activities when every year the Literacy Day comes. As of now, they declared that it is not possible to ensure 100% literacy. How the website of Bureau of non-formal education will reveal this bitter truth is still my curiosity. Now we are waiting to see when this website will be re-launched. Muffler Raman Manikin: Journalist, Dacha, Bangladesh E-mail: manful. [emailprotected] Com